NEET Biology: Regulation of kidney function-ADH and Diabetes insipidus Practice Questions
15 free multiple-choice questions on Regulation of kidney function-ADH and Diabetes insipidus (Excretory Products and their elimination) for NEET Biology, each with the correct answer and a step-by-step explanation. Attempt a question, then reveal the solution to check your reasoning.
Practice thousands more NEET questions in the app →Q1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily targets which segment of the renal tubule to regulate water reabsorption?
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Correct answer: B — Loop of Henle
ADH acts primarily on the principal cells of the collecting duct, regulating water permeability and thus controlling water reabsorption.
Q2. When plasma osmolarity increases due to dehydration, the pituitary gland releases ADH. This response is triggered by sensing changes in which body compartment?
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Correct answer: C — Plasma osmolarity
The hypothalamus detects changes in plasma osmolarity. High osmolarity signals the release of ADH to conserve water and restore osmotic balance.
Q3. The primary site of action for ADH to initiate water reabsorption in the kidney is the region known as the:
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Correct answer: D — Renal medulla
The water reabsorption mechanism, regulated by ADH, occurs mainly in the renal medulla, where the collecting ducts are located, facilitating the final concentration of urine.
Q4. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily acts on which part of the kidney to regulate water reabsorption?
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Correct answer: A — Renal medulla
ADH acts on the principal cells of the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules, primarily located in the renal medulla, to increase water permeability and facilitate water reabsorption.
Q5. If the ADH level in the body is significantly reduced, the resulting effect on renal function is primarily characterized by:
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Correct answer: A — Decreased water reabsorption
Low ADH means the collecting ducts remain impermeable to water, leading to decreased water reabsorption and subsequent excretion of large volumes of dilute urine.
Q6. Which condition is characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to a deficiency of ADH?
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Correct answer: B — Diabetes Insipidus
Diabetes Insipidus is a condition resulting from either insufficient ADH production or kidney's inability to respond to ADH, leading to excessive water loss and dilute urine.
Q7. ADH exerts its effect by increasing the permeability of the renal collecting ducts to which substance?
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Correct answer: B — Water
ADH causes the collecting ducts to become more permeable to water, allowing water to be reabsorbed back into the bloodstream, thus concentrating the urine.
Q8. The Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH) is synthesized in the hypothalamus but is released from which specific pituitary gland?
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Correct answer: C — Posterior pituitary gland
ADH is synthesized in the hypothalamus and subsequently transported down the axons to be released from the posterior pituitary gland into the bloodstream.
Q9. Diabetes Insipidus (DI) is characterized by the inability to concentrate urine. This condition is typically caused by a deficiency in which substance?
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Correct answer: C — ADH
Diabetes Insipidus is fundamentally caused by either a deficiency of ADH or the inability of the kidney to respond to ADH, leading to excessive water loss as dilute urine.
Q10. What is the main role of ADH in the body's osmoregulation?
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Correct answer: C — To conserve body water
ADH increases the permeability of the renal tubules to water, which results in increased water reabsorption back into the bloodstream, thereby conserving body water.
Q11. The mechanism by which ADH increases water reabsorption in the collecting duct involves the insertion of which type of water channel protein?
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Correct answer: D — Aquaporin-2
ADH binding triggers the translocation and insertion of Aquaporin-2 water channels into the apical membrane of the collecting duct cells.
Q12. If the concentration of ADH is significantly reduced, what condition is typically associated with the inability to concentrate urine effectively?
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Correct answer: B — Diabetes Insipidus
A deficiency in ADH leads to Diabetes Insipidus, characterized by the inability to concentrate urine, resulting in excessive water loss.
Q13. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) primarily functions to regulate which process in the kidney?
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Correct answer: C — Water reabsorption from the renal tubules
ADH acts on the principal cells of the renal collecting ducts, increasing their permeability to water, thereby enhancing the reabsorption of water back into the bloodstream.
Q14. Which condition results from the lack of ADH, leading to excessive urination and thirst?
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Correct answer: A — Diabetes Insipidus
The lack of ADH results in the inability of the kidneys to retain water, causing the excretion of large volumes of dilute urine (polyuria) and compensatory thirst (polydipsia).
Q15. If plasma osmolarity becomes high (hyperosmotic), what is the resulting signal that prompts the pituitary gland to release ADH?
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Correct answer: B — High osmoreceptor activity
When plasma osmolarity is high, it signals the osmoreceptors that water loss is occurring, triggering the release of ADH to conserve water.
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